Health Professionals

Bursting with a sweet-tart flavor and vibrant red color, red raspberries are among the most widely enjoyed berries in the U.S.

While growing and nurturing this delicate fruit is a 12-month operation, the intense summer harvest season lasts only a few weeks. The best way to enjoy this summer sensation year-round is to head to the freezer aisle.

Health Benefits of Raspberries

A one-cup serving of frozen red raspberries has only 80 calories and provides 28% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin C, 21% fiber, 10% folate, and all with only 1 gram of fat and no cholesterol.

In addition to being high in antioxidants, red raspberries contain several phytonutrients (individual compounds from plants that are in fruits and vegetables). These include the polyphenols anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, flavonols, ellagitannins, and hydroxycinnamates. ^{[1] [2]}

Research suggests that phytonutrients may help slow the aging process and may reduce the risk of certain diseases. A growing body of research is investigating how some phytonutrients may offer protection against some cancers, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, cataracts, osteoporosis and other chronic health conditions. [3] Research studies are showing emerging health benefits from nutrients specifically found in red raspberries. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Health Research

There is abundant research about the health benefits of raspberries. We’ve compiled some of it for you below.

Allergen Sensitivity

Marzban G, Herndl A, Kolarich D, Maghuly F, Mansfeld A, Hemmer W, Katinger H, Laimer M. Identification of four IgE-reactive proteins in raspberry (Rubus ideaeus L.). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Dec;52(12):1497-506 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683824

Anti-Inflammatory/Oxidative Health

Meyer AS, Heinonen M, Frankel EN, Antioxidant interactions of catechin, cyanidin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid on human LDL oxidation, Food Chemistry, Volume 61, Issues 1–2, 1998, Pages 71-75 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00100-3
Kähkönen M, Kylli P, Ollilainen V, Salminen JP, Heinonen M. Antioxidantactivity of isolated ellagitannins from red raspberries and cloudberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Feb 8;60(5):1167-74 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229937
Festa F, Aglitti T, Duranti G, Ricordy R, Perticone P, Cozzi R. Strongantioxidant activity of ellagic acid in mammalian cells in vitro revealed by the comet assay. Anticancer Res. 2001 Nov-Dec;21(6A):3903-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11911267
Gauliard B, Grieve D, Wilson R, Crozier A, Jenkins C, Mullen WD, Lean M. The effects of dietary phenolic compounds on cytokine and antioxidant production by A549 cells. J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):382-4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598184
Tsuda T. Regulation of adipocyte function by anthocyanins; possibility of preventing the metabolic syndrome. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 13;56(3):642-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211021
Wang J, Mazza G. Effects of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds on theproduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jul 17;50(15):4183-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12105943
Wang J, Mazza G. Inhibitory effects of anthocyanins and other phenoliccompounds on nitric oxide production in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Feb 13;50(4):850-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11829656
Godevac D, Tesević V, Vajs V, Milosavljević S, Stanković M. Antioxidantproperties of raspberry seed extracts on micronucleus distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Nov;47(11):2853-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748543
Vuorela S, Kreander K, Karonen M, Nieminen R, Hämäläinen M, Galkin A, Laitinen L, Salminen JP, Moilanen E, Pihlaja K, Vuorela H, Vuorela P, Heinonen M. Preclinical evaluation of rapeseed, raspberry, and pine bark phenolics for health related effects. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 27;53(15):5922-31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028975
Jean-Gilles D, Li L, Ma H, Yuan T, Chichester CO 3rd, Seeram NP. Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract in an antigen-induced arthritis rat model. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Jun13;60(23):5755-62 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111586
Sangiovanni E, Vrhovsek U, Rossoni G, Colombo E, Brunelli C, Brembati L, Trivulzio S, Gasperotti M, Mattivi F, Bosisio E, Dell’Agli M. Ellagitannins from Rubus berries for the control of gastric inflammation: in vitro and in vivo studies. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 5;8(8):e71762 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940786
Seeram NP, Momin RA, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory andantioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries. Phytomedicine. 2001Sep;8(5):362-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11695879
Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa M, García-Alonso J, Luisa Vidal-Guevara M, Quiles JL, Jesús Periago M, Linde J, Dolores Mesa M, Ros G, Abellán P, Gil A. Oxidativestress status in an institutionalised elderly group after the intake of aphenolic-rich dessert. Br J Nutr. 2004 Jun;91(6):943-50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15182397
Morillas-Ruiz J, Zafrilla P, Almar M, Cuevas MJ, López FJ, Abellán P, Villegas JA, González-Gallego J. The effects of an antioxidant-supplemented beverage on exercise-induced oxidative stress: results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study in cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Dec;95(5-6):543-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16132121
Haleem MA, Barton KL, Borges G, Crozier A, Anderson AS. Increasing antioxidantintake from fruits and vegetables: practical strategies for the Scottish population. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008 Dec;21(6):539-46 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18759955
Gião MS, Pestana D, Faria A, Guimarães JT, Pintado ME, Calhau C, Azevedo I, Malcata FX. Effects of extracts of selected medicinal plants upon hepaticoxidative stress. J Med Food. 2010 Feb;13(1):131-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20136446
Allen CT, Peden-Adams MM, EuDaly J, Keil DE. Subchronic exposure to ellagicacid impairs cytotoxic T-cell function and suppresses humoral immunity in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2003 Aug;25(3):409-22 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19180803
Iino T, Tashima K, Umeda M, Ogawa Y, Takeeda M, Takata K, Takeuchi K. Effect of ellagic acid on gastric damage induced in ischemic rat stomachs following ammonia or reperfusion. Life Sci. 2002 Jan 25;70(10):1139-50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11848298
Ramirez-Tortosa C, Andersen ØM, Cabrita L, Gardner PT, Morrice PC, Wood SG, Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Duthie GG. Anthocyanin-rich extract decreases indices of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in vitamin E-depleted rats. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Nov 1;31(9):1033-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11677035
Jakobsdottir G, Blanco N, Xu J, Ahrné S, Molin G, Sterner O, Nyman M. Formation of short-chain Fatty acids, excretion of anthocyanins, and microbial diversity in rats fed blackcurrants, blackberries, and raspberries. J Nutr Metab. 2013;2013:202534 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23864942
Rosillo MA, Sanchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, de la Lastra CA. Protective effectof ellagic acid, a natural polyphenolic compound, in a murine model of Crohn’s disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 1;82(7):737-45 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763290
Duthie SJ, Gardner PT, Morrice PC, Wood SG, Pirie L, Bestwick CC, Milne L, Duthie GG. DNA stability and lipid peroxidation in vitamin E-deficient rats in vivo and colon cells in vitro–modulation by the dietary anthocyanin,cyanidin-3-glycoside. Eur J Nutr. 2005 Jun;44(4):195-203 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309415
Nasef NA, Mehta S, Murray P, Marlow G, Ferguson LR. Anti-inflammatory activity of fruit fractions in vitro, mediated through toll-like receptor 4 and 2 in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients. 2014 Nov 19;6(11):5265-79 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25415606
Figueira ME, Câmara MB, Direito R, Rocha J, Serra AT, Duarte CM, Fernandes A, Freitas M, Fernandes E, Marques MC, Bronze MR, Sepodes B. Chemical characterization of a red raspberry fruit extract and evaluation of its pharmacological effects in experimental models of acute inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis. Food Funct. 2014 Dec;5(12):3241-51 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322288
Li L, Wang L, Wu Z, Yao L, Wu Y, Huang L, Liu K, Zhou X, Gou D. Anthocyanin-rich fractions from red raspberries attenuate inflammation in both RAW264.7 macrophages and a mouse model of colitis. Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 29;4:6234 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25167935

Anti-Microbial

Chung JG. Inhibitory actions of ellagic acid on growth and arylamineN-acetyltransferase activity in strains of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer patients. Microbios. 1998;93(375):115-27 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9697340
Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kähkönen M, Kujala T, Pihlaja K, Vuorela H, Vuorela P. Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000 May 25;56(1):3-12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10857921
Puupponen-Pimiä R, Nohynek L, Meier C, Kähkönen M, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Oksman-Caldentey KM. Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries. J Appl Microbiol. 2001 Apr;90(4):494-507 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309059
Chatterjee A, Yasmin T, Bagchi D, Stohs SJ. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori in vitro by various berry extracts, with enhanced susceptibility toclarithromycin. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Oct;265(1-2):19-26 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543930
Lin YT, Vattem D, Labbe RG, Shetty K. Enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by phenolic phytochemical-enriched alcoholic beverages. Process Biochemistry. 2005 May;40(6):2059-65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.07.019
Puupponen-Pimiä R, Nohynek L, Hartmann-Schmidlin S, Kähkönen M, Heinonen M, Määttä-Riihinen K, Oksman-Caldentey KM. Berry phenolics selectively inhibit the growth of intestinal pathogens. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(4):991-1000 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752346
Nohynek LJ, Alakomi HL, Kähkönen MP, Heinonen M, Helander IM, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Puupponen-Pimiä RH. Berry phenolics: antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action against severe human pathogens. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54(1):18-32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16800770
Cavanagh HM, Hipwell M, Wilkinson JM. Antibacterial activity of berry fruits used for culinary purposes. J Med Food. 2003 Spring;6(1):57-61 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804021
Ryan T, Wilkinson JM, Cavanagh HM. Antibacterial activity of raspberry cordial in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2001 Dec;71(3):155-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11798288

Anti-Oxidant Capacity

Seeram NP, Nair MG. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and structure-activity-related studies of the dietary constituents anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and catechins. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Sep 11;50(19):5308-12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12207466
Wolfe KL, Kang X, He X, Dong M, Zhang Q, Liu RH. Cellular antioxidant activity of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8418-26 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18759450
Borges G, Degeneve A, Mullen W, Crozier A. Identification of flavonoid and phenolic antioxidants in black currants, blueberries, raspberries, red currants, and cranberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 14;58(7):3901-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000747
Pellegrini N, Serafini M, Colombi B, Del Rio D, Salvatore S, Bianchi M, Brighenti F. Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. J Nutr. 2003 Sep;133(9):2812-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949370
Viljanen K, Halmos AL, Sinclair A, Heinonen M. Effect of blackberry and raspberry juice on whey protein emulsion stability. Eur Food Res Technol. 2005 OCT;221(5):602-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-005-0033-y
Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Bøhn SK, Dragland S, Sampson L, Willey C, Senoo H, Umezono Y, Sanada C, Barikmo I, Berhe N, Willett WC, Phillips KM, Jacobs DR Jr, Blomhoff R. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010 Jan 22;9:3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096093
Salminen H, Heinonen M. Plant phenolics affect oxidation of tryptophan. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 27;56(16):7472-81 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646765
Wada L, Ou B. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Oregon caneberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jun 5;50(12):3495-500 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12033817
Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Heinonen M. Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Aug;49(8):4076-82 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11513713
Deighton N, Stewart D, Davies HV, Gardner PT, Duthie GG, Mullen W, Crozier A. Soft fruit as sources of dietary antioxidants. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 2002, 585, 459-465. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.585.74
Bermudez-Soto MJ, Tomas-Barberan FA. Evaluation of commercial red fruit juice concentrates as ingredients for antioxidant functional juices. Eur Food Res Technol. 2004 July;219(2):133-41 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-004-0940-3
Viljanen K, Kylli P, Kivikari R, Heinonen M. Inhibition of protein and lipid oxidation in liposomes by berry phenolics. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 1;52(24):7419-24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563229
Viljanen K, Kylli P, Hubbermann EM, Schwarz K, Heinonen M. Anthocyanin antioxidant activity and partition behavior in whey protein emulsion. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Mar 23;53(6):2022-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15769130
Pantelidis GE, Vasilakakis M, Manganaris GA, Diamantidis G. Antioxidant capacity, phenol, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents in raspberries, blackberries, red currants, gooseberries and Cornelian cherries. Food Chem. 2007;102(3)777–83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.021
Garzón GA, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ. Determination of anthocyanins, totalphenolic content, and antioxidant activity in Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth). J Food Sci. 2009 Apr;74(3):C227-32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19397707
Henríquez C, López-Alarcón C, Gómez M, Lutz M, Speisky H. Time-dependence of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) index in Chilean apples and berries. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2011 Sep;61(3):323-32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696902
Komorsky-Lovrić Š, Novak I. Abrasive stripping square-wave voltammetry of blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, pomegranate, and sweet and blue potatoes. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):C916-20 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417490
Chen L, Xin X, Yuan Q, Su D, Liu W. Phytochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of various colored berries. J Sci Food Agric. 2014 Jan 30;94(2):180-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23653223
Proteggente AR, Pannala AS, Paganga G, Van Buren L, Wagner E, Wiseman S, Van De Put F, Dacombe C, Rice-Evans CA. The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radic Res. 2002 Feb;36(2):217-33 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999391
Halvorsen BL, Carlsen MH, Phillips KM, Bøhn SK, Holte K, Jacobs DR Jr, Blomhoff R. Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):95-135 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825686
Amakura Y, Umino Y, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. Influence of jam processing on the radical scavenging activity and phenolic content in berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Dec;48(12):6292-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11312801
Wang SY, Lin HS. Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Feb;48(2):140-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691606
Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 16;52(12):4026-37 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15186133
Parry J, Su L, Luther M, Zhou K, Yurawecz MP, Whittaker P, Yu L. Fatty acid composition and antioxidant properties of cold-pressed marion berry, boysenberry, red raspberry, and blueberry seed oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Feb 9;53(3):566-73 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15686403
Kalt W, Forney CF, Martin A, Prior RL. Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits. J Agric FoodChem. 1999 Nov;47(11):4638-44 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10552863
Nikitina VS, Shendel GV, Gerchikov AY, Efimenko NB. Flavonoids from raspberry and blackberry leaves and their antioxidant activities. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2000 Nov;34(11):596-8. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010344221983
Moyer RA, Hummer KE, Finn CE, Frei B, Wrolstad RE. Anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity in diverse small fruits: vaccinium, rubus, and ribes. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jan 30;50(3):519-25 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11804523
Funt RC. Antioxidants in Ohio berries. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 2003. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.626.6
Sariburun E, Sahin S, Demir C, Türkben C, Uylaşer V. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of raspberry and blackberry cultivars. J Food Sci. 2010May;75(4):C328-35 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20546390
Šaponjac VT, Gironés-Vilaplana A, Djilas S, Mena P, Cetković G, Moreno DA,Canadanović-Brunet J, Vulić J, Stajčić S, Krunić M. Anthocyanin profiles and biological properties of caneberry (Rubus spp.) press residues. J Sci Food Agric. 2014 Sep;94(12):2393-400 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407975
Sablani SS, Andrews PK, Davies NM, Walters T, Saez H, Syamaladevi RM, Mohekar PR. Effect of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries. J Sci Food Agric. 2010 Apr 15;90(5):769-78 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20355111
Verde SC, Trigo MJ, Sousa MB, Ferreira A, Ramos AC, Nunes I, Junqueira C, Melo R, Santos PM, Botelho ML. Effects of gamma radiation on raspberries: safety and quality issues. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2013;76(4-5):291-303 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514071
Mullen W, Stewart AJ, Lean ME, Gardner P, Duthie GG, Crozier A. Effect of freezing and storage on the phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of red raspberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug 28;50(18):5197-201 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188629
Parry J, Su L, Moore J, Cheng Z, Luther M, Rao JN, Wang JY, Yu LL. Chemical compositions, antioxidant capacities, and antiproliferative activities of selected fruit seed flours. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 May 31;54(11):3773-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719495
Chanjiraku K, Wang SY, Wang CY, Siriphanich J. Effect of natural volatile compounds on antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes in raspberries. Postharvest Biology and Technology 2006, 40, (2), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.01.004
Remberg SF, Sønsteby A, Aaby K, Heide OM. Influence of postflowering temperature on fruit size and chemical composition of Glen Ample raspberry (Rubusidaeus L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Aug 25;58(16):9120-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23654237
Gülçin I, Topal F, Çakmakçı R, Bilsel M, Gören AC, Erdogan U. Pomological features, nutritional quality, polyphenol content analysis, and antioxidant properties of domesticated and 3 wild ecotype forms of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). J Food Sci. 2011 May;76(4):C585-93 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417339
Scalzo J, Mezzetti B, Hall H, McGhie T. Comparing methods for evaluation of raspberry’s quality. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 2004 649, 327-330. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.649.63
Novaković MM, Stevanović SM, Gorjanović SŽ, Jovanovic PM, Tešević VV, Janković MA, Sužnjević DŽ. Changes of hydrogen peroxide and radical-scavenging activity of raspberry during osmotic, convective, and freeze-drying. J Food Sci. 2011 May;76(4):C663-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417351
de Ancos B, González EM, Cano MP. Ellagic acid, vitamin C, and total phenolic contents and radical scavenging capacity affected by freezing and frozen storage in raspberry fruit. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4565-70 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052701
Tosun M, Ercisli S, Karlidag H, Sengul M. Characterization of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) genotypes for their physicochemical properties. J Food Sci. 2009 Sep;74(7):C575-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895463
Dobson P, Graham J, Stewart D, Brennan R, Hackett CA, McDougall GJ.Over-seasons analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in raspberry. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 May 30;60(21):5360-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583495

Bioavailability

Laitinen LA, Tammela PS, Galkin A, Vuorela HJ, Marvola ML, Vuorela PM. Effects of extracts of commonly consumed food supplements and food fractions on the permeability of drugs across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res. 2004 Oct;21(10):1904-16 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15553239
Gill CI, McDougall GJ, Glidewell S, Stewart D, Shen Q, Tuohy K, Dobbin A, BoydA, Brown E, Haldar S, Rowland IR. Profiling of phenols in human fecal water after raspberry supplementation. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10389-95 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809621
Cerdá B, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. Metabolism of antioxidant and chemopreventive ellagitannins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine in humans: identification of biomarkers and individual variability. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 26;53(2):227-35 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15656654
González-Barrio R, Borges G, Mullen W, Crozier A. Bioavailability of anthocyanins and ellagitannins following consumption of raspberries by healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr14;58(7):3933-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20218618
González-Barrio R, Edwards CA, Crozier A. Colonic catabolism of ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and raspberry anthocyanins: in vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Sep;39(9):1680-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21622625
Cao G, Muccitelli HU, Sánchez-Moreno C, Prior RL. Anthocyanins are absorbed in glycated forms in elderly women: a pharmacokinetic study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 May;73(5):920-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333846
Aura AM, Martin-Lopez P, O’Leary KA, Williamson G, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Poutanen K, Santos-Buelga C. In vitro metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora. Eur J Nutr. 2005 Mar;44(3):133-42 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309431
Talavéra S, Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, Lamaison JL, Rémésy C. Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the stomach in anesthetized rats. J Nutr. 2003 Dec;133(12):4178-82 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14652368
Woodward G, Kroon P, Cassidy A, Kay C. Anthocyanin stability and recovery: implications for the analysis of clinical and experimental samples. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jun 24;57(12):5271-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435353
Daniel EM, Ratnayake S, Kinstle T, Stoner GD. The effects of pH and rat intestinal contents on the liberation of ellagic acid from purified and crude ellagitannins. J Nat Prod. 1991 Jul-Aug;54(4):946-52 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1791480
McDougall GJ, Dobson P, Smith P, Blake A, Stewart D. Assessing potential bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins using an in vitro digestion system. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 27;53(15):5896-904 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028971
Matuschek MC, Hendriks WH, McGhie TK, Reynolds GW. The jejunum is the main site of absorption for anthocyanins in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Jan;17(1):31-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16098729
Chen W, Wang D, Wang LS, Bei D, Wang J, See WA, Mallery SR, Stoner GD, Liu Z. Pharmacokinetics of protocatechuic acid in mouse and its quantification in human plasma using LC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2012 Nov 1;908:39-44 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23122399
Borges G, Roowi S, Rouanet JM, Duthie GG, Lean ME, Crozier A. The bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins and ellagitannins in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jun;51(6):714-25 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533654
Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F. The interaction of anthocyanins with bilitranslocase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):631-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12176028

Cardiovascular

Torres-Urrutia C, Guzmán L, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Moore-Carrasco R, Alarcón M, Astudillo L, Gutierrez M, Carrasco G, Yuri JA, Aranda E, Palomo I. Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic activity in vitro of extracts from selected fruits and vegetables. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2011 Apr;22(3):197-205 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311321
Yu YM, Wang ZH, Liu CH, Chen CS. Ellagic acid inhibits IL-1beta-induced cell adhesion molecule expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br J Nutr. 2007 Apr;97(4):692-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17349082
Chang WC, Yu YM, Chiang SY, Tseng CY. Ellagic acid suppresses oxidised low-density lipoprotein-induced aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation: studies on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Br J Nutr. 2008 Apr;99(4):709-14 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184451
Labrecque L, Lamy S, Chapus A, Mihoubi S, Durocher Y, Cass B, Bojanowski MW, Gingras D, Béliveau R. Combined inhibition of PDGF and VEGF receptors by ellagic acid, a dietary-derived phenolic compound. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Apr;26(4):821-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661805
Suh JH, Romain C, González-Barrio R, Cristol JP, Teissèdre PL, Crozier A, Rouanet JM. Raspberry juice consumption, oxidative stress and reduction of atherosclerosis risk factors in hypercholesterolemic golden Syrian hamsters. Food Funct. 2011 Jul;2(7):400-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21894327
Puupponen-Pimiä R, Seppänen-Laakso T, Kankainen M, Maukonen J, Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Leppänen T, Moilanen E, Nohynek L, Aura AM, Poutanen K, Tómas-Barberán FA, Espín JC, Oksman-Caldentey KM. Effects of ellagitannin-rich berries on blood lipids, gut microbiota, and urolithin production in human subjects with symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Dec;57(12):2258-63 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23934737
Freese R, Vaarala O, Turpeinen AM, Mutanen M. No difference in platelet activation or inflammation markers after diets rich or poor in vegetables, berries and apple in healthy subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Jun;43(3):175-82 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15168040
Lin MC, Yin MC. Preventive effects of ellagic acid against doxorubicin-induced cardio-toxicity in mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2013 Sep;13(3):185-93 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23322372
Chao PC, Hsu CC, Yin MC. Anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulatory activities of caffeic acid and ellagic acid in cardiac tissue of diabetic mice. Nutr Metab
(Lond). 2009 Aug 14;6:33 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19678956
Mullen W, McGinn J, Lean ME, MacLean MR, Gardner P, Duthie GG, Yokota T, Crozier A. Ellagitannins, flavonoids, and other phenolics in red raspberries and their contribution to antioxidant capacity and vasorelaxation properties. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug 28;50(18):5191-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188628
Yu YM, Chang WC, Wu CH, Chiang SY. Reduction of oxidative stress and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits by ellagic acid. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Nov;16(11):675-81 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16081267
Pieszka M, Tombarkiewicz B, Roman A, Migdał W, Niedziółka J. Effect of bioactive substances found in rapeseed, raspberry and strawberry seed oils on blood lipid profile and selected parameters of oxidative status in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013 Nov;36(3):1055-62 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24121557
Panchal SK, Ward L, Brown L. Ellagic acid attenuates high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Eur J Nutr. 2013Mar;52(2):559-68 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538930
Jia H, Liu JW, Ufur H, He GS, Liqian H, Chen P. The antihypertensive effect of ethyl acetate extract from red raspberry fruit in hypertensive rats. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011 Jan;7(25):19-24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21472074
Rani UP, Kesavan R, Ganugula R, Avaneesh T, Kumar UP, Reddy GB, Dixit M. Ellagic acid inhibits PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevents atheroma formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Nov;24(11):1830-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23866995
Olgar Y, Ozturk N, Usta C, Puddu PE, Ozdemir S. Ellagic acid reduces L-typeCa2+ current and contractility through modulation of NO-GC-cGMP pathways in rat ventricular myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014 Dec;64(6):567-73 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25165997
Ding Y, Zhang B, Zhou K, Chen M, Wang M, Jia Y, Song Y, Li Y, Wen A. Dietary ellagic acid improves oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: role of Nrf2 activation. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Aug20;175(3):508-14 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25017906

Diabetes

Jayaprakasam B, Vareed SK, Olson LK, Nair MG. Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 12;53(1):28-31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15631504
Tsuda T. Regulation of adipocyte function by anthocyanins; possibility of preventing the metabolic syndrome. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 13;56(3):642-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211021
Mathew AJ, Raj NN, Sugappriya M, Priyadarshini SM. Modeling of ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 and inhibition mechanism of the natural ligand, ellagic acid, using molecular docking. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;680:489-95 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20865534
McDougall GJ, Shpiro F, Dobson P, Smith P, Blake A, Stewart D. Different polyphenolic components of soft fruits inhibit alpha-amylase andalpha-glucosidase. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Apr 6;53(7):2760-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15796622
Grussu D, Stewart D, McDougall GJ. Berry polyphenols inhibit α-amylase in vitro: identifying active components in rowanberry and raspberry. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Mar 23;59(6):2324-31 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21329358
Clegg ME, Pratt M, Meade CM, Henry CJ. The addition of raspberries and blueberries to a starch-based food does not alter the glycaemic response. Br J Nutr. 2011 Aug;106(3):335-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736828
Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat and rye breads in healthy women. J Nutr. 2013 Apr;143(4):430-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365108
Chao PC, Hsu CC, Yin MC. Anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulatory activities of caffeic acid and ellagic acid in cardiac tissue of diabetic mice. Nutr Metab(Lond). 2009 Aug 14;6:33 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19678956
Chao CY, Mong MC, Chan KC, Yin MC. Anti-glycative and anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid and ellagic acid in kidney of diabetic mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Mar;54(3):388-95 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19885845
Goto T, Teraminami A, Lee JY, Ohyama K, Funakoshi K, Kim YI, Hirai S, UemuraT, Yu R, Takahashi N, Kawada T. Tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, ameliorates obesity-induced metabolic disorders via activation of adiponectin signaling followed by enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in liver and skeletal muscle in obese-diabetic mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Jul;23(7):768-76 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889885
Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Yoshikawa T, Kojo H, Osawa T. Microarray profiling of geneexpression in human adipocytes in response to anthocyanins. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Apr 14;71(8):1184-97 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483547
Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Kojo H, Yoshikawa T, Osawa T. Gene expression profile of isolated rat adipocytes treated with anthocyanins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Apr 15;1733(2-3):137-47 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15863361
Panchal SK, Ward L, Brown L. Ellagic acid attenuates high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Eur J Nutr. 2013 Mar;52(2):559-68 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538930
Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Aoki H, Koda T, Horio F, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Osawa T. Anthocyanin enhances adipocytokine secretion and adipocyte-specific gene expression in isolated rat adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 26;316(1):149-57 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15003523
Sasaki R, Nishimura N, Hoshino H, Isa Y, Kadowaki M, Ichi T, Tanaka A,Nishiumi S, Fukuda I, Ashida H, Horio F, Tsuda T. Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to down regulation of retinol binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Dec 3;74(11):1619-27 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869225
Guo H, Xia M, Zou T, Ling W, Zhong R, Zhang W. Cyanidin 3-glucoside attenuates obesity-associated insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed and db/db mice via the transcription factor FoxO1. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr;23(4):349-60 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543211
Ahad A, Ganai AA, Mujeeb M, Siddiqui WA. Ellagic acid, an NF-κB inhibitor, ameliorates renal function in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Chem Biol Interact. 2014 Aug 5;219:64-75 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24877639
Rani UP, Kesavan R, Ganugula R, Avaneesh T, Kumar UP, Reddy GB, Dixit M.Ellagic acid inhibits PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevents atheroma formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Nov;24(11):1830-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23866995

Food Chemistry

Seeram NP, Nair MG. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and structure-activity-related studies of the dietary constituents anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and catechins. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Sep 11;50(19):5308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12207466
de la Peña Moreno F, Blanch GP, Ruiz del Castillo ML. (+)-methyl jasmonate-induced bioformation of myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol in red raspberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Nov 24;58(22):11639-44 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21043497
Mullen W, Yokota T, Lean ME, Crozier A. Analysis of ellagitannins and conjugates of ellagic acid and quercetin in raspberry fruits by LC-MSn.Phytochemistry. 2003 Sep;64(2):617-24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12943785
Borges G, Degeneve A, Mullen W, Crozier A. Identification of flavonoid and phenolic antioxidants in black currants, blueberries, raspberries, red currants, and cranberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 14;58(7):3901-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20000747
Mullen W, Lean ME, Crozier A. Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2002 Aug 9;966(1-2):63-70 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12214705
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Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Heinonen M. Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Aug;49(8):4076-82 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11513713
Bermudez-Soto MJ, Tomas-Barberan FA. Evaluation of commercial red fruit juice concentrates as ingredients for antioxidant functional juices. European Food Research and Technology 2004, 219, (2), 133-141 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-004-0940-3
Määttä-Riihinen KR, Kamal-Eldin A, Törrönen AR. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in berries of Fragaria and Rubus species (family Rosaceae). J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 6;52(20):6178-87 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15453684
Tian Q, Giusti MM, Stoner GD, Schwartz SJ. Screening for anthocyanins usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, common-neutral-loss analysis, and selected reaction monitoring. J Chromatogr A. 2005 Oct 14;1091(1-2):72-82 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16395794
Hosseinian FS, Beta T. Saskatoon and wild blueberries have higher anthocyanin contents than other Manitoba berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Dec 26;55(26):10832-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18052240
Garzón GA, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ. Determination of anthocyanins, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity in Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth). J Food Sci. 2009 Apr;74(3):C227-32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19397707
Hellström JK, Törrönen AR, Mattila PH. Proanthocyanidins in common foodproducts of plant origin. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Sep 9;57(17):7899-906 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19722709
Mullen W, Larcombe S, Arnold K, Welchman H, Crozier A. Use of accurate mass full scan mass spectrometry for the analysis of anthocyanins in berries and berry-fed tissues. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 14;58(7):3910-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20014766
Fanali C, Dugo L, D’Orazio G, Lirangi M, Dachà M, Dugo P, Mondello L. Analysis of anthocyanins in commercial fruit juices by using nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-vis detector. J Sep Sci. 2011 Jan;34(2):150-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21246720
Henríquez C, López-Alarcón C, Gómez M, Lutz M, Speisky H. Time-dependence of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) index in Chilean apples and berries. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2011 Sep;61(3):323-32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696902
Komorsky-Lovrić Š, Novak I. Abrasive stripping square-wave voltammetry of blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, pomegranate, and sweet and blue potatoes. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):C916-20 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417490
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Beekwilder J, Jonker H, Meesters P, Hall RD, van der Meer IM, Ric de Vos CH. Antioxidants in raspberry: on-line analysis links antioxidant activity to a diversity of individual metabolites. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 May 4;53(9):3313-20 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15853365
Tosun M, Ercisli S, Karlidag H, Sengul M. Characterization of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) genotypes for their physicochemical properties. J Food Sci. 2009 Sep;74(7):C575-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895463
Kassim A, Poette J, Paterson A, Zait D, McCallum S, Woodhead M, Smith K, Hackett C, Graham J. Environmental and seasonal influences on red raspberry anthocyanin antioxidant contents and identification of quantitative traits loci (QTL). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 May;53(5):625-34 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156716
McCallum S, Woodhead M, Hackett CA, Kassim A, Paterson A, Graham J. Genetic and environmental effects influencing fruit colour and QTL analysis in raspberry. Theor Appl Genet. 2010 Aug;121(4):611-27 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20419285
Dobson P, Graham J, Stewart D, Brennan R, Hackett CA, McDougall GJ. Over-seasons analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in raspberry. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 May 30;60(21):5360-6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583495
Bradish CM, Perkins-Veazie P, Fernandez GE, Xie G, Jia W. Comparison of flavonoid composition of red raspberries ( Rubus idaeus L.) grown in the southern United States. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Jun 13;60(23):5779-86 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128912
Woodward G, Kroon P, Cassidy A, Kay C. Anthocyanin stability and recovery:implications for the analysis of clinical and experimental samples. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jun 24;57(12):5271-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435353
Gu L, Kelm MA, Hammerstone JF, Beecher G, Holden J, Haytowitz D, Gebhardt S, Prior RL. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. J Nutr. 2004 Mar;134(3):613-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988456
Koponen JM, Happonen AM, Mattila PH, Törrönen AR. Contents of anthocyanins and ellagitannins in selected foods consumed in Finland. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 21;55(4):1612-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17261015

Neuroscience

Fortalezas S, Tavares L, Pimpão R, Tyagi M, Pontes V, Alves PM, McDougall G, Stewart D, Ferreira RB, Santos CN. Antioxidant properties and neuroprotective capacity of strawberry tree fruit (Arbutus unedo). Nutrients. 2010 Feb;2(2):214-29 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254017
Kim KT, Nam TK, Park YS, Kim YB, Park SW. Neuroprotective effect of anthocyanin on experimental traumatic spinal cord injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2011 Apr;49(4):205-11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21607177
Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Dianat M, Khodadadi A, Haddad MK, Mashhadizadeh S.Ellagic acid prevents cognitive and hippocampal long-term potentiation deficits and brain inflammation in rat with traumatic brain injury. Life Sci. 2015 Mar 1;124:120-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25637685
Feng Y, Yang SG, Du XT, Zhang X, Sun XX, Zhao M, Sun GY, Liu RT. Ellagic acid promotes Abeta42 fibrillization and inhibits Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Dec 25;390(4):1250-4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878655

Body Weight

Suh JH, Romain C, González-Barrio R, Cristol JP, Teissèdre PL, Crozier A,Rouanet JM. Raspberry juice consumption, oxidative stress and reduction of atherosclerosis risk factors in hypercholesterolemic golden Syrian hamsters. Food Funct. 2011 Jul;2(7):400-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21894327
Morimoto C, Satoh Y, Hara M, Inoue S, Tsujita T, Okuda H. Anti-obese action of raspberry ketone. Life Sci. 2005 May 27;77(2):194-204 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15862604
Goto T, Teraminami A, Lee JY, Ohyama K, Funakoshi K, Kim YI, Hirai S, Uemura T, Yu R, Takahashi N, Kawada T. Tiliroside, a glycosidic flavonoid, ameliorates obesity-induced metabolic disorders via activation of adiponectin signaling followed by enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in liver and skeletal muscle in obese-diabetic mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Jul;23(7):768-76 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889885
Park KS. Raspberry ketone increases both lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in3T3-L1 adipocytes. Planta Med. 2010 Oct;76(15):1654-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425690
Park KS. Raspberry ketone, a naturally occurring phenolic compound, inhibits adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pharm Biol. 2015 Jun;53(6):870-5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429790